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- February 1991
-
-
- POLICE PRACTICES:
- COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT
-
-
- Today, computers are used extensively in police work.
- Current computer programs accommodate practically every police
- function--records management, dispatching, personnel scheduling,
- and supply maintenance, to name only a few applications. But,
- are departments using computers to their fullest potential? In
- many instances, the answer is "No!"
-
- One area often overlooked involves installing computer-
- aided drafting (CAD) software into computers. With CAD
- software, the computer is used to assist with a drawing or a
- design.
-
- Most people would ask why a police department would need a
- CAD program; after all, cops don't design or draw anything.
- However, the value of this software package becomes obvious
- considering the reoccurring need of police officers to
- reconstruct crime scenes or to diagram scenes of traffic
- accidents. In these types of investigations, a drawing shows
- what occurred and reinforces the narrative of the report.
-
- USES OF CAD
-
- In a traffic accident report, the details included are most
- likely proportional to the seriousness of the incident.
- Usually, a minor "fender-bender" only qualifies for a few terse
- lines telling what happened and a very simple diagram. On the
- other hand, a multivehicle accident involving serious injuries
- or fatalities dictates a more comprehensive investigation, one
- that includes a detailed narrative and a scale drawing of the
- accident site.
-
- Once filed, reports on minor traffic accidents with no
- injuries are often forgotten, never to be seen again. But, this
- is not the case with reports on major accident investigations.
- Insurance claims adjusters, lawyers, and perhaps even a judge
- and jury will scrutinize these reports should cases go to
- litigation. In these instances, it is important that the
- diagram of the accident scene be as detailed and precise as
- possible.
-
- The same holds true for accounts of crime scenes. In their
- reports, investigators must show an entire overview of the crime
- scene, as well as specific areas crucial to the case. This
- usually requires more than one drawing. The position of the
- victim, the location of the weapon and other pertinent evidence,
- and entrances and exits to the crime scene are factors in the
- investigation and prosecution that must be carefully noted.
- And, in many instances, the precision and detail of the report
- reflect the quality of the investigation and credibility of the
- investigators.
-
- THE WORKINGS OF A CAD PROGRAM
-
- Reconstructing an accident or crime scene requires the
- investigator to show exactly what transpired, who was involved,
- and the position of the objects involved. All this is
- facilitated with a CAD program, because it contains pre-drawn
- intersections and roadways, or buildings and rooms, onto which
- information can be entered.
-
- For example, in figure 1 (not shown in BBS version of this
- article), the investigator positioned the vehicles involved in
- a traffic accident, showed the direction in which the vehicles were
- traveling, and indicated tire marks, visual obstructions,
- traffic signs, and the scale of the diagram in feet. For a
- crime scene investigation, a CAD program can be used to draw a
- general view of the area and then to "zoom in" to a specific
- room.
-
- CAD programs also offer a variety of fonts and styles of
- letters to show differentiations in the diagram and to give the
- finished product a professional appearance. Some CAD programs
- allow for letters and numbers to be indicated at any angle and
- at any scale. CAD programs normally include a library of
- symbols, such as vehicles, traffic signs, etc., to be used for
- reconstruction purposes. And, once familiar with the program,
- users can create their own symbols and store them to be
- retrieved for future application.
-
- ADVANTAGES OF CAD PROGRAMS
-
- Using a CAD program for accident or crime scene
- reconstruction offers many benefits. First, there is the
- professional appearance of the diagram. A CAD program allows
- the investigator to add to the diagram at any time, and the
- diagram can be enlarged and reduced at any time. Once a diagram
- is created, it can be resized to fit available space on a
- preprinted report form. With a plotter, the same drawing can
- also be made large enough for a courtroom exhibit. The finished
- product is clean and free of corrections. Sloppy drawings
- oftentimes reflect poorly on the quality of the investigation.
- With CAD programs, there is no mess; erasures or corrections
- simply do not show up on the finished product.
-
- CAD programs prevent duplication of effort, because only
- one drawing needs to be made. Then with a few keystrokes on the
- computer, sections can be shown from different angles.
-
- Many departments contract with draftsmen or engineers to
- produce scale drawings. This can be quite expensive and time
- consuming, which may result in a backlog of projects. Also,
- additional meetings with investigators may be required to
- decipher notes or measurements.
-
- There is also the time factor to consider. Some detailed
- scale drawings consume considerable workhours before they are
- completed. Then, if an error is detected, the entire project
- might have to be redone. With a computer and a CAD program,
- alterations are generally simple and the time required to do
- them is minimal. Enlargements or reductions, which would mean
- additional hours at the drawing table, are produced in a matter
- of seconds.
-
- Storing or filing scale drawings also poses problems. A
- large-scale drawing on a big sheet of poster board is difficult
- to store since it doesn't fit in filing cabinets. As a result,
- the drawing is placed wherever there is room--behind a desk, in
- a storage room, next to a filing cabinet. If it is moved for
- one reason or another, it may never be found. And, the more the
- drawing is used in presentations, the more "worn" it becomes.
-
- Oftentimes, additional copies of drawings need to be made
- for defense attorneys and prosecutors. Large drawings are not
- photo copied easily, and photographs take too long to process
- and do not show details clearly. With a CAD program, making
- multiple copies is a simple matter.
-
- CONCLUSION
-
- There are CAD programs on the market that have been
- developed specifically for accident and crime scene
- reconstructions. Most of the programs are inexpensive and
- cost-effective, and the funds spent for them are quickly
- recouped in workhours saved. With a CAD program, police
- departments, regardless of size, can increase their efficiency
- and expand the potential of their computer systems.
-
- _______________
-
- Information for this column was submitted by Joseph E.
- Badger, a retired Indiana State police sergeant.